Foreword iii Preface v Lists of Illustrations xv PART ONE Introduction: “Times Are Altered with Us Indians” 1 A World of Changes 1 Indians in Colonial America 8 Sources of Indian History: Weighing the Evidence 11

1. Voices from the Shore 20 The Creation of the World 22 John Norton, Iroquois Creation Story, ca. 1816 23 The Creeks Come to Their Homeland 27 Chekilli, Origin of the Creek Confederacy, 1735 28 A Dream of Strangers 32 Josiah Jeremy, The Floating Island, 1869 33 Meeting the Dutch at Manhattan 34 John Heckewelder, The Arrival of the Dutch, ca. 1765 35 “What Can You Get by Warre . . .?” 38 Powhatan, Speech to Captain John Smith, 1609 39 “The Coming of a Strange Race” 40 Josiah Quinney, July 4 Speech, 1854 40 2. Cultural Conflicts, Contests, and Confluences 43 A Native American Theological Debate 45 John Eliot, A Dialogue between Piumbukhou and His Unconverted Relatives, ca. 1671 46 A Mi’kmaq Questions French “Civilization” 49 Chrestien LeClerq, A Mi’kmaq Responds to the French, ca. 1677 50 An Indian Woman Bequeaths Her Property 52 Naomai Omaush, Will, 1749 52 Autobiography of an Indian Minister 54 Samson Occom, A Short Narrative of My Life, 1768 55 Letters of a Narragansett Family 62 Sarah Simon, Letter to Eleazar Wheelock, 1767 63 Sarah Simon (the Daughter), Letter to Eleazar Wheelock, 1769 64 Daniel Simon, Letter to Eleazar Wheelock, 1771 65 The Iroquois Reject Wheelock’s “Benevolence” 66 Speech of the Oneida Headmen, 1772 66 Speech of the Onondaga Council, 1772 69 A Delaware “Mouthpiece” 70 Joseph Pepee, Response to the Unconverted Delawares, 1772 “The White Woman of the Genesee” 71 Mary Jemison, A Narrative of Her Lfe, 1824 73 78

3. Land, Trade, and Treaties Submission to “Old England 79 Narragansett Indians, Act of Submission. 1644 81 Two Land Deeds from Maine 83 Nanuddemance. Deed toJohn Parker, June 14, 1659 84 Jane of Scarborough, Deed to Andrew and Arthur Alger, September 19, 1659 85 Indian Land Claims Disputed 86 Mittark, Agreement of Gay Head Indians Not to Sell Land to the English, 1681 87 The “River Indians” Answer Governor Burnet 88 Mahican Indians, Reply to William Burnet, Governor of New York, 1722 88 The Alienation of the Natchez 90 Antoine Le Page du Pratz, Reply of the Stung Serpent, 1723 91 The Casco Bay Treaty 91 Loron Sauguaarum, An Account of Negotiations Leading to the Casco Bay Treaty, 1727 92 The “Walking Purchase”: A Delaware Complaint and an Iroquois Response 95 Delaware Indians, Complaint against the “Walking Purchase," November 21, 1740 97 Canasatego, Response to the Delawares' Complaint, July 12, 1742 98 The Treaty of Lancaster 99 Canasatego, Speech at the Treaty of Lancaster, July 4, 1744 101 A Guardian System for Indian Lands 104 Indians at Mashpee, Petition to the Massachusetts General Court, June 11, 1752 105 Resolving Conflicts with Colonial Neighbors 106 King Hagler (Nopkehe), Reply to Colonists' Complaints, 1754 107 Colonists Encroach on the Stanwix Line 110 John Killbuck, Speech to the Governors of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia, December 4, 1771 111

EPILOGUE: Surviving as Vanishing Americans 184

APPENDIXES Chronology of Encounters between Indians and Colonists (1492-1800) 186 Appendix II. Treaty with the Delawares, 1778 190 Questions for Consideration 194 Selected Bibliography 196 Index 200