Conflicting Historical Viewpoints ix Special Tables X Maps xi Preface xiii Chapter 1 BEGINNINGS, 1607-1700 Europe Discovers the New World 1 The Chesapeake Colonies: Virginia and Maryland 5 New England: Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay 8 Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire 11 English Strife and American Autonomy 13 Puritanism in a Secularizing Society 14 For Further Reading 16

Chapter 2 BRITAIN’S NORTH AMERICAN EMPIRE, 1660-1763 19 The Proprietary Colonies 19 The Navigation Acts and the Colonial Economy 22 Administering the Empire 24 The Anglo-French Wars For Further Reading 28

Chapters A NEW SOCIETY, 1600s-1700s 29 The Americans 29 American Environments: New Towns and the Old West 31 Colonial Society 33 Colonial Women 35 The Enlightenment 36 The Great Awakening 37 “This New Man” 40 For Further Reading 41

Chapter 4 TOWARD REVOLUTION, 1763-1775 43 The New Imperial Policy 45 The Radicals and the Urban Crowd 47 The Second Crisis 48 The First Continental Congress 49 War 51 For Further Reading 53

Chapter 5 INDEPENDENCE ACHIEVED, 1775-1783 55 The First Year of War 55 “Conceived in Liberty 57 The New State Constitutions 60 The Articles of Confederation 62 The Campaigns of 1776-1777 63 The French Alliance and the Southern Campaigns 64 The Treaty of Peace 65 For Further Reading 66

Chapter 6 A NATION EMERGES, 1780-1788 68 The Agrarian-minded and the Commercial-minded 68 Conflict Within the States 69 Problems of the Confederation 70 The Confederation and the West 72 The Movement for a Stronger Government 73 The Constitutional Convention 76 Ratification 78 For Further Reading 82

Chapter 7 FEDERALISTS AND REPUBLICANS, 1789-1800 85 Launching the New Government 85 The Hamiltonian Program 85

A Photo Essay: The Early Days of the Republic

The Wars of the French Revolution 89 The Trials of John Adams 92 The “Revolution” of 1800 93 For Further Reading 94

Chapter 8 THE JEFFERSONIAN REPUBLIC IN A THREATENING WORLD, 1800-1823 97 Vestiges of Federalism 98 An Empire for Liberty 99 The Perils of Neutrality 100 Madison Tries His Hand 102 The War of 1812 102 The Century of Security 105 For Further Reading 108

Chapter 9 THE MARKET VERSUS THE AGRARIAN REPUBLIC, 1800s-1850s 110 The Market Revolution 110 The Advance to the Mississippi 112 Commercial Agriculture 113 The Onset of Industrialization 114 The Conquest of Distance 116 Enterprise and Public Policy 118 Republican Nationalism 119 Judicial Nationalism 122 For Further Reading 123

Chapter 10 DEPRESSION DECADE: SECTIONALISM AND DEMOCRACY, 1819-1828 126 Political Sectionalism 127 Relief and Democracy 128 The Election of 1824 131 The Tribulations of the Second Adams 132 For Further Reading 133

Chapter 11 THE JACKSONIAN ERA, 1828-1840 135 Jacksonian Policies 136 The Tariff and Nullification 137 Indian Removal 139 The Bank Wai- 140 Boom and Bust Again 142 The New Politics 144 For Further Reading 147

Chapter 12 ROMANTICISM, REFORM, SLAVERY, 1800s-1850s 149 Romanticism 149 Romantic Christianity 151 Utopianism and Humanitarianism 153 Women s Rights 156 Abolition 157 The South and Slavery 160 For Further Reading 163

Chapter 13 MANIFEST DESTINY AND SECTIONAL CONFLICT, 1840-1852 166 Tippecanoe — and Tyler Too 167 The Presidential Election of 1844 168 The Polk Administration 169 The Mexican War 170 Toward the First Secession Crisis 172 The Compromise of 1850 174 For Further Reading 175

Chapter 14 A HOUSE DIVIDING, 1843-1860 177

Culmination of the Market Revolution 177 Industrial Development 179 Conflict Again 180 The Territorial Question 182 Buchanan Rides the Storm 184 The Election of 1860 185 Secession 187 For Further Reading 189

A Photo Essay: The Civil War and Reconstruction

Chapter 15 THE CIVIL WAR, 1861-1865 191 Lincoln and the Secession Crisis 191 The War Begins 194 The Confederacy at War 196 Lincoln and the War 198 Toward Appomattox 200 Lincoln and the South 201 For Further Reading 203

Chapter 16 RECONSTRUCTING THE UNION, 1865-1890 205 The Problem 205 Presidential Reconstruction 207 Congressional Reconstruction 209 Radical Reconstruction in Action 210 Social Reconstruction 211 For Further Reading 215 Index 217