CHAPTER 1 Two Worlds Discover Each Other Page 1 DOCUMENTS Eric the Red's Saga, c. 1270 2 Christopher Columbus Reports to Ferdinand and Isabella 4 First Voyage, 1492-1493 4 Fourth Voyage, 1503 7 Translated by R. H. Major Jacques Cartier Observes the St. Lawrence and Its People, 1635-1636 9 Translated by H. P. Biggar Maushop Leaves New England: An Indian Legend About Colonization 12 Thomas Harriot Forecasts Indian-Colonist Relationships, 1588 12 Arthur Barlowe Sees America as the Garden of Eden, 1584 16 ESSAYS Alfred Crosby ° Colonization as a "Swarming" 18 William Cronon and Richard White • Indians, Colonists, and the Environment 27

CHAPTER 2 The Colonizing Impulse: Promise and Reality Page 39 DOCUMENTS An Account of Coronado's Exploration of the Southwest, 1540-1542 40 Translated by George Parker Winship Fray Alonso de Benavides Reports New Mexico Indians Eager for Conversion, 1634 42 Translated by Frederick Webb Hodge, George P. Hammond, and Agapito Rey New Mexico's Indians Rebel Against Suppression of Their Native Religion, 1680: Four Accounts 45 Alonso Garcia to Fray Francisco de Ayeta 45 Fray Antonio de Sierra to Fray Francisco de Ayeta 45 Statement of One of the Rebellious Christian Indians 46 Statement of Pedro Garcia 46 Translated by Charmion Clair Shelby Richard Hakluyt's "Discourse of Western Planting," 1584 47 Governor Ralph Lane Describes the Roanoke Colony's Attack on the Roanoke Indians, 1586 49

ESSAYS Elizabeth A. H. John • Spain and New Mexico: Conversion and Rebellion 51 Karen Ordahl Kupperman • Roanoke: England's Lost Colony 72

CHAPTER 3 The Chesapeake: England's First Successful Colonization Page 83 DOCUMENTS Captain John Smith on Early Jamestown (1607-1610) 84 The Virginia Company's Declaration on Virginia, 1620 89 Jamestown Estates: A Contemporary Parody, 1991 92 Richard Frethome Writes to His Mother and Father, 1623 93 Blank Servant Indenture Form, 1635 95 George Alsop on the Benefits of Servitude, 1666 96 Robert Beverley on the Servants and Slaves in Virginia, 1705 98 ESSAYS Lois Green Carr and Lorena S. Walsh • The Experience of White Women in the Chesapeake 100 Russell Menard 0 From Servitude to Slavery in the Chesapeake 108

CHAPTER 4 New England: The Settlement of the Puritan Colonies Page 117 DOCUMENTS Plymouth's Pilgrims on the Mayflower Compact and the First Thanksgiving, 1620, 1621 118 Governor William Bradford on the Plymouth Colonists' Relations with the Indians, Early 1620s 120 Governor John Winthrop of Massachusetts Bay Gives a Model of Christian Charity, 1630 124 Colonist John Pond Writes His Mother and Father for Help, 1631 126 The Reverend Thomas Welde Describes the Success of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, 1632 128 "The Summons to New England," n. d. 129 William Wood on the Indians' Response to the English Presence, 1634 131 Miantonomo's Call for Indian Unity, 1642 135 ESSAYS Neal Salisbury • Squanto, the Last of the Patuxets 136 Virginia DeJohn Anderson • Religion, the Common Thread of Motivation 145

CHAPTER 5 Challenges to the New England Way: Sects and Witches Page 158 DOCUMENTS Testimony from the Trial of Anne Hutchinson, 1637 159 Quaker Testimony: The Execution of Mary Dyer, 1660 162 Governor John Endecott Defends Religious Practice in Massachusetts, 1660 164 John Josselyn Criticizes the Treatment of Dissenters, 1675 166 Increase Mather on Proofs of Witchcrafts, 1684 166 Testimony and Examination on Rebecca Nurse of Salem, 1692 169 ESSAYS Carla Gardina Pestana • Quakerism in Massachusetts: Threat and Response 175 John Putnam Demos • The Role of Witchcraft in Social Discourse 183

CHAPTER 6 The Chesapeake: Bacon's Rebellion and the Creation of a Creole Society Page 191 DOCUMENTS John Hammond on Chesapeake Development, 1656 192 Edward Williams Describes Necessaries for Planters, 1650 199 Nathaniel Bacon's Manifesto Concerning the Troubles in Virginia, 1676 200 Elizabeth Bacon Writes of Fear on the Virginia Frontier, 1676 202 Mary Horsmanden Byrd on the Grievances of Frontier Settlers in Virginia, 1676 203 William Sherwood Denounces Bacon and His Defiance of the Law, 1676 204 Planter William Fitzhugh on Settled Life in Virginia, 1686 206 ESSAYS Bernard Bailyn • Politics and Social Structure in Virginia 211 Edmund S. Morgan • Slavery and Freedom: The American Paradox 223

CHAPTER 7 New Directions in Family Life and Labor Page 234 DOCUMENTS Edward Johnson on the Founding of New England Towns, 1654 235 Anne Bradstreet on Parents and Children, c. 1635-1670 237 Thomas Minor's Diary: A Farmer's Year, 1660 239 William Penn on the Attractions of Pennsylvania, 1681 242 William Penn's Advice on Parting from His Family, 1682 244 ESSAYS Daniel Vickers ° Family Labor in New England 250 Laurel Thatcher Ulrich ° Wives as Deputy Husbands 259 Barry Levy ° "Modern" Quaker Families in Pennsylvania 265

CHAPTER 8 The Middle Colonies: Ethnicity, Competition, and Economic Success Page 275 DOCUMENTS Traveler Jasper Dankaerts Calls on New York Planter Maria van Rensselaer, 1680 276 Translated by Henry C. Murphy with revisions by S. G. Nissensen and J. Franklin Jameson Per Kalm Offers Impressions of New Jersey and New York, 1750 277 Translated by John Reinhold Forster with revisions and additions by Adolph B. Benson and Edith M. L. Carlborg Reverend Andrew Burnaby's Thumbnail Sketch of New York, 1759-1760 282 Quaker George Fox Describes His Travels Through America, 1672 283 William Penn's Prospectus for Merchants, 1683 286 Francis Daniel Pastorius Recalls the Founding of Germantown, 1685 288 Translated by Gertrude Selwyn Kimball with revisions by M. D. Learned Colonist Gabriel Thomas on High Wages and Great Opportunities in Pennsylvania, 1698 291 essays A G. Roeber ° Dutch Colonists Cope with English Control 294 Gary B. Nash • The First Merchants of Pennsylvania: Generational Failure? 303

CHAPTER 9 The Proprietary Colonies of the Lower South Page 315 documents Indian Trader John Lawson's Journal of Carolina, 1709 316 An Anonymous Letter from the Swiss Settlement Near New Bem, 1711 318 Translated by Vincent H. Todd and Julius Goebel 319 Eliza Lucas Pinckney on the Perfection of Indigo, 1785 319 Edward Randolph Reports to the Board of Trade on Economic Prospects and the Spanish Threat, 1699 320 James Oglethorpe, "Persons Reduc'd to Poverty May Be Happy in Georgia," 1732 322 William Byrd Praises the Plan for Georgia, 1736 324 William Dunlop's Effort to Recover Runaway Slaves in St. Augustine, 1688 326 Report to the South Carolina General Assembly on the Failed St. Augustine Expedition of 1740 ESSAYS H. Roy Merrens and George D. Terry • Dying in Paradise: Perception and Reality in Colonial South Carolina 330 Jane Landers • A Free Black Community in Spanish Florida 337 Alan Gallay • Jonathan Bryan's Plantation Empire in Georgia 348

CHAPTER 10 The Great Awakening: Religious Upheaval Across the Colonies Page 359 DOCUMENTS Benjamin Franklin on His Friend George Whitefield, 1739 360 Nathan Cole on Going to Hear Whitefield at Middletown, 1740 363 Gilbert Tennent on the Danger of an Unconverted Ministry, 1740 364 Jonathan Edward's Sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God," 1741 366 The Reverend Joseph Fish on Samuel Niles, Narragansett New Light Preacher, 1765 369 A Newspaper Account of the Expulsion of James Davenport, 1742 371 Letters Against Virginia New Lights, 1740s-1750s 373 ESSAYS Patricia U. Bonomi ° The Middle Colonies' Awakening 377 Harry S. Stout • Preaching and Revival in New England 382 Rhys Isaac - The Baptists' Challenge in Virginia 388

CHAPTER 11 Mature Societies in Colonial America Page 396 DOCUMENTS Robert Beverley Describes the Established Life in Virginia, 1705 397 Hugh Jones on Agriculture and Slave Life in Virginia, 1724 398 Planter William Byrd's Diary of a Planter's Month, 1740 401 Planter Landon Carter on the Demands of Tobacco, 1770 405 Benjamin Franklin on How to Get On in Philadelphia (C. 1730-c. 1750), 1793 408 John Adams on His Legal Education, 1758 411 ESSAYS Richard D. Brown • John Adams, Robert Treat Paine, and the Practice of Law 416 Timothy H. Breen • The Symbolic World of the Tobacco Planter 430

Settling the Backcountry Page 442 DOCUMENTS The Reverend Charles Woodmason Views the Backcountry in the 1760s 443 Governor William Tryon Assesses the Prospects for Life in the North Carolina Backcountry, 1765 448 Bishop August Gottlieb Spangenberg on Moravian Plans for the Settlement of Wachovia, 1752 449 Translated by Adelaide L. Fries An Advocate of Expansion to the Mississippi River, 1751 450 Olaudah Equiano Recalls His Enslavement, 1750s 451 Report on a Runaway Slave Community in the Virginia Mountains, 1729 456 ESSAYS Philip D. Morgan ° Slave Life in Virginia's Piedmont 457 Daniel B. Thorp 0 Moravian Ideals and North Carolina Backcountry Realities 472

CHAPTER 13 The Impact of the European Wars for Empire on America Page 483 DOCUMENTS Christopher Gist on Promises and Threats in Indian Diplomacy, 1751 484 Per Kalin on Indian Perceptions and Goals on the Frontier, 1750 488 Canassatego's Speech, 1742 492 A Report on Imperial Conflict in the South, 1740 494 Lord Loudoun Views Imperial Conflict in the North, 1756 495 Mary Rowlandson Describes Her Captivity Among the Indians, 1682 497 John Williams on His Captivity Among the French, 1707 506 ESSAYS Francis Parkman 0 The Massacre at Fort William Henry: A Nineteenth-Century View 509 Ian K. Steele « The "Massacre" at Fort William Henry: A Modern View 515 James Axtell • The White Indians of Colonial America 527

CHAPTER 14 The Sum of the Colonial Experience Page 539 DOCUMENTS Sarah Kemble Knight on Dutch and English in New York, 1704 540 Dr. Alexander Hamilton Surveys the Variety of Pennsylvania, 1744 542 Pelatiah Webster Describes the Uniqueness of Charleston, 1765 549 Janet Schaw on Her Visit to Wilmington, North Carolina, 1774 552 The Albany Plan of Union, 1754 554 ESSAYS Jack P. Greene • Convergence and the Creation of a Colonial Culture 557 David Hackett Fischer ° Divergence in Four Colonial Cultures 569